You are Welcome to My World

An expert system is a computer program designed to simulate the problem-solving behavior of a human who is an expert in a narrow domain or discipline.

An expert system is normally composed of a knowledge base (information, heuristics, etc.), inference engine (analyzes the knowledge base), and the end user interface (accepting inputs, generating outputs). The path that leads to the development of expert systems is different from that of conventional programming techniques. The concepts for expert system development come from the subject domain of artificial intelligence (AI), and require a departure from conventional computing practices and programming techniques. A conventional program consists of an algorithmic process to reach a specific result. An AI program is made up of a knowledge base and a procedure to infer an answer. Expert systems are capable of delivering quantitative information, much of which has been developed through basic and applied research (e.g. economic thresholds, crop development models, pest population models) as well as heuristics to interpret qualitatively derived values, or for use in lieu of quantitative information. Another feature is that these systems can address imprecise and incomplete data through the assignment of confidence values to inputs and conclusions.

IMAGE FROM: http://www.palmassociates.com/ExpertSystems2.gif

One of the most powerful attributes of expert systems is the ability to explain reasoning. Since the system remembers its logical chain of reasoning, a user may ask for an explanation of a recommendation and the system will display the factors it considered in providing a particular recommendation. This attribute enhances user confidence in the recommendation and acceptance of the expert system.

The development of an electronic decision support system requires the combined efforts of specialists from many fields of agriculture, and must be developed with the cooperation of the growers who use them. Specialists tend to be trained in rather narrow domains and are best at solving problems within that domain. However, there is a growing realization that the complex problems faced by growers go beyond the abilities of individual specialists. Interdisciplinary teams of specialists must work in unison to formulate solutions to agricultural problems. Agriculture must be viewed as a system of interacting parts where the perturbation of one part affects many others.

WHAT DOES IT DO?

In agriculture, expert systems are capable of integrating the perspectives of individual disciplines (e.g. plant pathology, entomology, horticulture, agricultural meteorology) into a framework that best addresses the type of ad hoc decision-making required of modern farmers. Expert systems can be one of the most useful tools for accomplishing the task of providing growers with the day-to-day, integrated decision support needed to grow their crops.

What is Dumping?

Dumping is a discrimination of markets using different prices. There are various types of dumping, but we will investigate the most problematic one: persistent dumping.

If a firm has a protected domesitc market, it will behave as a monopolist in the market, and a competitor in the world market. When it sells one more unit, it will compare MR from the domestic market and the world market, and choose the higher.

We show the domestic MR as MR [1] and the world market MR as MR_W that is the same as the world price P_W. [2]

Now MR > MR_W up to the point G. [3] Therefore, it will sell Q₄ units in the domestic market [4] with a price of P'_d. [5]

After that point, it will sell the good in the world market up to the point F where MR_W=MC. [6] Thus it exports Q₂ - Q₄.

[7]

Domestic consumer surplus:

Autarky AP_dB [1]

Free trade AP_WE [2]

Dumping AP'_dH [3]

Domestic producer surplus:

Autarky CP_dBI [4]

Free trade CP_WF [5]

Dumping CP'_dHK+KGF [6]

Compared to free trade, by dumping, the domestic net loss is HGE

You are the creation with the union of all this

Translation in English of (Naddi ka mor, chashmaa-e-sheereen ka zer-o-bam)

Turn of river, sweetness of fountain and its rise and fall of water.

Covering of nightly stars, its dew’s wetly possession.

Pearly drops of water, scents of flower, curve of moon crescent

You are the creation with the union of all this

From what a beautiful sky, your appearance is

Your style is so charming that I am your faithful.

By dialects I am fluent but I am your patient

I am free in verse, but under your seize

With your kindness, is a leader of poesy?

On imperious I am sarcastic for this I am your slave

Original

Naddi ka moR, chashmaa-e-sheereen ka zer-o-bam
chaadar shab-e-najoom ki, shabnam ka raKht-e-nam
moti ki aab, gul ki mehak, mah-e-nau ka Kham

in sab ke imtizaaj se paida hooi hai tu
kitne hasin ufak se havaida hooi hai tu

lehja malih hai, ki namak Khwaar hoon tera
sehat zabaan meN hai, ki bimaar hoon tera

azaad-e-she'r hooN, ki griftaar hoon tera

tere karm se, she'r-o-suKhan ka imaam hoon
shaahoN pe KHanda-zan hooN, ki tera ghulam hoon

The Pakistani Currency Information for my readers

In 1947, provisional issues of banknotes were made, consisting of Government of India and Reserve Bank of India notes for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 100 rupees overprinted with the text "Government of Pakistan" in English and Urdu. Regular government issues commenced in 1948 in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 rupees. The government continued to issue 1 rupee notes until the 1980s but other note issuing was taken over by the State Bank in 1953, when 2, 5, 10 and 100 rupees notes were issued. Only a few 2 rupees notes were issued. 50 rupees notes were added in 1957, with 2 rupees notes reintroduced in 1985. In 1986, 500 rupees notes were introduced, followed by 1000 rupees the next year. 2 and 5 rupees notes were replaced by coins in 1998 and 2002. 20 rupee notes were added in 2005, followed by 5000 rupees in 2006.

All banknotes other than the 1 and 2 rupees feature a portrait of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the obverse along with writing in Urdu. The reverses of the banknotes vary in design and have English text. The only Urdu text found on the reverse is the Urdu translation of the Prophetic Hadith, "Seeking honest livelihood is worship of God."

The banknotes vary in size and colour, with larger denominations being longer than smaller ones. All contain multiple colours. However, each denomination does have one colour which predominates. All banknotes feature a watermark for security purposes. On the larger denomination notes, the watermark is a picture of Jinnah, while on smaller notes, it is a crescent and star. Different types of security threads are also present in each banknote.

1 rupee note from1949